It is a parent's worst nightmare: Your child goes to school, never to return home.
SOURCE: http://edition.cnn.com
Scores of Nigerians are
living that horrific reality after 230 schoolgirls were abducted,
allegedly by Boko Haram, under the cover of darkness on April 16. Of the
hundreds of girls herded into vehicles, only 43 have escaped.
And as their parents wait and hope, the government is grappling with an Islamist terror group that has gotten more brazen.
So has its abductions of women and girls in northern Nigeria, the region most affected by the insurgency.
Why does Boko Haram kidnap girls?
The Islamist militants' name translates to "Western education is a sin" in the local language.
The group especially
opposes the education of women. Under its version of Sharia law, women
should be at home raising children and looking after their husbands, not
at school learning to read and write.
It has repeatedly
targeted places of learning in deadly attacks that have highlighted its
fundamental philosophy against education.
The spate of kidnappings
began in May 2013 when Boko Haram leader Abubakar Shekau announced in a
video that this was part of its latest bloody campaign.
The
kidnappings, he said, were retaliation for Nigerian security forces
nabbing the wives and children of group members.
Those kidnapped, he said, would begin a new life as a "servant."
Has it kidnapped girls and women before?
Yes.
In November, the
militant group abducted dozens of Christian women, most of whom were
later rescued by the military deep in a forest in Maiduguri. At the time
of their rescue, some were pregnant or had children, and others had
been forcibly converted to Islam and married off to their kidnappers.
Rights groups have said Boko Haram has kidnapped girls as young as 12.
And the abductions are only getting worse.
In the first two months of this year alone, it kidnapped at least 25 girls and women, according to Human Rights Watch.
What does it do with the women?
The group is always on
the move to escape an intensified crackdown by the government, and
members leave their wives behind when they scamper into hideouts deep
into the forests .
Some girls and women are
kidnapped to take the place of wives, and perform chores and sexual
services, according to rights groups.
Does it target any particular schools?
Those abducted are both
Christian and Muslim students enrolled in secular schools. Not all cases
involve kidnappings, however. Gun and bombing attacks on schools have
killed hundreds of children in recent years.
In February, the Nigerian military blamed Boko Haram for killing at least 29 students in an attack on a federal college in Buni Yadi in Yobe state. Another bloody example came last July, when 20 students and a teacher were fatally gunned down in the same state.
What are the chances the girls kidnapped recently will be rescued?
It won't be easy.
For one, the hundreds of
girls seized most recently from the high school in Chibok were not in a
central location where the government has a firm grip. The school is
about 80 miles (130 kilometers) west of Maiduguri and some 600 miles
from the capital of Abuja.
Where exactly they went from there is unknown. The area where they are believed to be is remote and heavily forested.
It's also close to
Cameroon, which means that the captives and captors could slip through
the porous borders into nearby countries, including Chad or Niger.
And the large number of
hostages may limit Nigeria's options. That means airstrikes employed in
the past may not be possible, lest they kill captives in the process. A
ground assault isn't a great option either -- not when it is done in
unfamiliar terrain against entrenched, well-armed fighters.
Who started Boko Haram?
Mohammed Yusuf, a
charismatic young cleric, founded the group 12 years ago as part of his
push for a pure Islamic state in Nigeria. He was killed in 2009, but his
group lived on.
Boko Haram became more violent after his death as his supporters vowed to strike back. Human Rights Watch estimates that in the past five years, more than 3,000 people have been killed in the violence.
Its targets include government buildings, police barracks, newspaper offices, village markets, churches and mosques.
Is the group tied to al Qaeda?
The U.S. says the militant group has links to the al Qaeda affiliate in West Africa and to extremist groups in Mali.
How closely related Boko
Haram is to al Qaeda is hard to define. In one respect, at least, the
groups are on par: As of November, they are part of the U.S. State
Department's list of terrorist organizations. Ansaru, an offshot of Boko
Haram, is on the same list.
What does Boko Haram want?
It says its aim is to
impose a stricter enforcement of Sharia law across Africa's most
populous nation, which is split between a majority Muslim north and a
mostly Christian south.
In recent years, its
attacks have intensified in an apparent show of defiance amid the
nation's military onslaught. Its ambitions appear to have expanded to
the destruction of the Nigerian government.
The northeast, where Boko Haram has been most active, is economically depressed and among the least educated regions in Nigeria.
Islamists view the most
powerful people there as corrupt, and accuses them siphoning off
Nigeria's considerable natural resources and assets. Despite its vast
supply of oil and natural gas, the World Bank says that about 54% of Nigeria's population can be considered "extremely poor."
What is Nigeria doing to combat the group?
Last year, President Goodluck Jonathan declared a state of emergency in three northeastern states -- Borno, Yobe and Adamawa.
This declaration gave the nation's security forces wide latitude to go after suspected terrorists.
But rights groups have
accused Nigeria of going too far in using heavy-handed tactics such as
illegal searches, torture and extrajudicial killings.
The government's stepped-up campaign may have emboldened Boko Haram to become even more violent. Amnesty estimates that at least 1,500 people -- more than half of them civilians -- died in the first three months of 2014.
"The escalation of
violence in northeastern Nigeria in 2014 has developed into a situation
of non-international armed conflict in which all parties are violating
international humanitarian law," said Netsanet Belay, an official with
that rights group. "Civilians are paying a heavy price as the cycle of
violations and reprisals gather momentum."
The campaign has heightened some Nigerians' skepticism of their government.
Some complain the wide
array of criminal activity pinned on Boko Haram gives authorities
liberties to make arrests or use deadly force with little oversight or
consequences.
SOURCE: http://edition.cnn.com
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